Hard Guarantees at a Measured Price: Entropy-Stable Learned Finite Volumes for Compressible Flow

Learned solvers for compressible flow are usually compared to classical methods at equal mesh resolution rather than at equal computational cost, and they typically offer no guarantee that their solutions remain physically admissible. We present a learned finite volume scheme for the two-dimensional Euler equations on unstructured meshes, admissible by construction and with an entropy-stable interior flux. We evaluate it under protocols fixed before any computation: frozen thresholds, falsification clauses, negative controls, a factor decomposition of the learned components, and an iso-cost comparison against the refined classical baseline. The decomposition produced the central result: the guarantee machinery alone, with both learned heads switched off (the unlearned skeleton), is the strongest scheme at equal mesh on every periodic case. At equal wall-clock cost the picture inverts into a map. Learning pays robustly only on the wall case whose boundary-condition type it never saw (10.8%). Its periodic gains flip sign with the evaluation draw (+10% on one held-out case, -12% on the hardest). The skeleton is the only method whose iso-cost gain never changes sign, at a measured overhead of 1.74x per step. The guaranteed variant completes 36 of 36 rollouts, Mach extrapolation and unseen wall included, with zero negativity events. We fix the guaranteed scheme's one remaining out-of-distribution weakness, Mach extrapolation, at inference time: with scale-invariant network inputs, a specific-entropy floor, and no retraining, the corrected arm overtakes the unconstrained arm on one Mach case, cuts its deficit on the other by a third, passes the skeleton on the unseen wall, and keeps the guarantee. A spatial gate closes the loop: activating the heads only near the walls beats both the skeleton and the corrected arm, and transfers unchanged to a second wall geometry.

CoFINN: Conservation Flux Informed Neural Networks for Physics Problems Governed by Conservation Laws

We present CoFINN (Conservation Flux Informed Neural Networks), a physics-informed deep learning framework for predicting compressible flow fields governed by conservation laws. Unlike conventional data-driven convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which optimize only pixel-wise similarity metrics, CoFINN embeds finite-volume conservation physics directly into the training process. Unlike classical physics-informed methods which enforce differential-equation residuals at collocation points through automatic differentiation, CoFINN adopts a finite-volume perspective consistent with modern CFD methodology. CoFINN interprets CNN output fields as structured computational grids, where each pixel represents a finite-volume cell, and enforces conservation consistency through sophisticated numerical flux calculations. The framework is evaluated on transonic flow prediction around airfoils at (M=0.7, Re=6 * 10^6), including challenging conditions involving shock waves and high angles of attack. Results show that CoFINN improves aerodynamic force prediction accuracy, reducing drag prediction error by up to 34% at extreme angles of attack and by approximately 15% on average across the test set. Improvements are particularly significant in limited-data regimes, demonstrating that the conservation-based loss acts as an effective physical regularizer. The proposed approach maintains the computational efficiency advantages of CNN surrogates while significantly improving physical consistency and conservation behavior. The framework is architecture-agnostic and extensible to broader classes of conservation-law-governed physical systems.