Youtian Lin, Yikang Yang, Zhanpeng Hu +5cs.CV cs.GR
Native 3D generators now recover impressive mesh geometry from a single image. However, a dense mesh stays soft where a machined object should be sharp, it carries no part decomposition, and it exposes no parameter a user could edit. To address this, we explore the paradigm of 3D shape as code, leveraging and scaling the coding ability of an LLM for 3D modeling. We introduce Procedura, a novel 3D modeling agent framework that writes an object as a procedural assembly, a parametric program whose named parts are joined by typed, machine-checkable mates. From a text prompt, the agent plans the object as an assembly graph and writes the program part by part, solving each placement from the mated frames rather than guessing it, and admitting a part only once compile, mate, and connectivity checks pass. A decoupled vision critic then refines the assembly one diagnosed fix at a time. Moreover, the same graph carries per-part materials and a simulator-validated articulation. We evaluate on P3D-Bench under its assembly judge, and with the same judge on MechBench-36, our hard-surface benchmark. On both, Procedura outperforms state-of-the-art native 3D generators and every prior 3D-code agent on judged quality, produces the sharpest edges of any method we evaluate, and is the only one whose output is an editable, part-structured program.
Generating large-scale, freely explorable 3D worlds from open-ended text remains challenging because a system must jointly maintain global spatial coherence, rich local content, and explicit assets suitable for downstream editing and reuse. We present WorldClaw, a fully agentic, coarse-to-fine framework for open-world 3D scene generation. Planning agents translate a text prompt into a structured specification of regions, terrain, assets, materials, and spatial relations. WorldClaw then builds a globally coherent terrain foundation from semantic layouts, reusable assets, generative or procedural materials, and a region-aware height field. For detail-demanding regions, it generates terrain-conditioned compositions, reconstructs editable textured meshes, and recovers their placement on the terrain; render-based agents further refine terrain, objects, appearance, and contacts. Across diverse open-world prompts, WorldClaw produces large-scale scenes with coherent spatial organization, visually compelling local content, and editable instance-level assets while preserving a consistent global terrain structure.
LLM agents are increasingly used to translate natural language into 3D scenes in a procedural way, but existing systems focus on static output. Dynamic 4D scenes from text alone, in which liquids flow, particles emit, rigid bodies cascade, and articulated mechanisms move, remain largely unexplored despite their value as editable content and as physics-grounded training data for video generation and embodied AI. Two challenges set the dynamic case apart from static text-to-scene work: an agent must jointly coordinate spatial layout, multiple physics solvers, temporal sequencing, camera, and lighting in a single coherent scene, and verifying motion correctness from rendered video is fundamentally harder than judging a single image. We present SimWorlds: a multi-agent framework that produces dynamic, editable 4D scenes from text, with Blender-specific procedural knowledge, a planner-coder-reviewer workflow driving a fixed ordered sequence of construction stages, a layered scene protocol enforced by a deterministic verifier, and a runtime-state inspection tool suite that catches mechanism failures the rendered image cannot reveal. We also introduce 4DBuildBench, a benchmark for assessing both visual fidelity and physical consistency of the procedural dynamic 3D scenes generated from text prompts. Experiments show that SimWorlds outperforms prior dynamic Blender generation baselines.
Christian Jestel, Nicolas Bach, Marvin Wiedemann +2cs.RO cs.LG
Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) navigation policies often overfit to the structure of their training environments, as environmental diversity is typically constrained by the manual effort required to design diverse scenarios. While procedural map generation offers scalable diversity, no prior work systematically compares how different generator types affect policy generalization. We integrate four generators (sparse, maze, graph, and Wave Function Collapse) with guaranteed navigability into MuRoSim, a 2D simulator focusing on training efficiency for LiDAR-based navigation. We cross-evaluate five navigation policies on 1000 seeded maps per generator across three training seeds. Results show a strongly asymmetric cross-generator transfer: a specialist trained on sparse layouts falls to 3.3% success on mazes, whereas a policy trained on the combined generator set achieves 91.5 +/- 1.1% mean success. We further demonstrate that A* path-planner subgoal inputs are the dominant factor for robustness, raising success from the 90.2 +/- 1.4% feedforward baseline to 98.9 +/- 0.4% and outperforming GRU recurrence, which only improves the reactive baseline. The DRL policies outperform a classical Carrot+A* controller, which matches their success only at low speeds (1.0 m/s) but collapses to 24.9% at 2.0 m/s. This highlights learned speed adaptation as the decisive advantage of the learned approach. Real-world experiments on a RoboMaster confirm sim-to-real transfer in a cluttered arena, while a maze-like layout exposes remaining failure modes that recurrence helps mitigate.