Implementation of a Metacognition Framework for Self-Awareness and Self-Regulation in Ensembles of LLMs

Large Language Models (LLMs) are notorious for struggling with assessing their own uncertainty, detecting knowledge conflicts, or recognizing when problems exceed their expertise; such limitations inevitably undermine reliability and trust in LLMs. In this paper, we present the first implementation of a metacognitive framework for ensembles of LLMs that addresses these challenges through explicit monitoring and control mechanisms. Our system computes a Metacognitive State Vector (MSV) quantifying self-awareness for monitoring across five dimensions derived from cognitive psychology: Emotional Response, Correctness Evaluation, Experiential Match, Conflicting Information, and Problem Importance. MSV values also provide self-regulation for control, automatically switching between System 1 (fast, single- or multi-node) and System 2 (deliberative, multi-node) processing based on query complexity. For System 2 execution, graph-theoretic algorithms control the assignment of specialized roles (Domain Expert, Critic, Evaluator, Synthesizer, and Generalist) to ensemble nodes according to their MSV-quantified metacognitive states. Our implementation allows users to explore how different query types trigger distinct processing modes. The Proof-of-Concept (PoC) demo showcases the framework with illustrative examples showing appropriate System 1/System 2 routing and helps visualize the metacognitive process via real-time radar charts and decision indicators. This PoC implementation demonstrates the feasibility of creating a framework for metacognitive self-awareness and self-regulation in LLM systems.

Self in Space: Benchmarking Self-Awareness and Spatial Cognition in UAV Embodied Intelligence

Autonomous UAV systems increasingly rely on multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to operate in complex real-world environments. Such embodied scenarios require not only understanding the surrounding space but also maintaining a coherent representation of the agent itself. However, existing UAV-oriented approaches and benchmarks remain largely environment-centric, primarily focusing on spatial understanding tasks, with the agent's self-awareness remaining implicit. To address this gap, we introduce SIS-Bench, a benchmark for evaluating embodied spatial intelligence in UAV scenarios under a unified self-in-space formulation. SIS-Bench organizes evaluation along two complementary dimensions, space and self, and a three-level hierarchy of perception, memory, and reasoning. It contains 4,856 question--answer pairs across 13 tasks derived from 1,646 real-world UAV videos through a task-conditioned construction pipeline with expert verification.Extensive evaluations reveal that current MLLMs exhibit fundamental limitations in modeling dynamic and agent-centered processes. In particular, we observe a clear imbalance between spatial cognition and self-awareness, as well as a progressive performance degradation across cognitive levels.Motivated by these findings, we further explore a motion-aware representation that incorporates self-related dynamics through optical flow and visual feature fusion. Experimental results show that modeling agent motion consistently improves perception and memory performance, not only in spatial cognition but also in self-awareness, and generalizes to downstream UAV decision-making tasks.Our results highlight the importance of self-awareness for advancing embodied spatial intelligence, and provide both a new benchmark and empirical evidence for motion-aware self-in-space modeling.

From Knowing to Acting: Benchmarking Self-Awareness Capability of LLM Agents

The integration of external tools has transitioned LLM agents from passive responders to autonomous systems. However, current benchmarks prioritize execution success, neglecting self-awareness capability, the ability to discern whether a problem requires necessary external resources or can be solved via internal parametric knowledge. To address this, we introduce KAPRO (Knowing-Acting Quadrant PRObe), a framework that evaluates cognitive-behavioral alignment by decoupling an agent's metacognitive judgment (Knowing) from its spontaneous execution (Acting). We further construct KAware, a dataset rigorously partitioning tasks into external, internal, and hybrid subspaces to systematically probe these epistemic boundaries. Extensive experiments across diverse agent architectures show that self-awareness capability is strongly correlated with task success but degrades sharply in internal-capability settings. Moreover, open-source and instruction-following models exhibit stronger tool overuse due to shallow pattern matching, while proprietary and reasoning-oriented models demonstrate more reliable cognitive gating. Benchmark and codes are available at https://github.com/AI-Santiago/KAware.

AwareVLN: Reasoning with Self-awareness for Vision-Language Navigation

Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) requires an agent to ground language instructions to its own movement within a visual environment. While state-of-the-art methods leverage the reasoning capabilities of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) for end-to-end action prediction, they often lack an explicit and explainable understanding of the relationships between the agent, the instruction, and the scene. Conversely, explicitly building a scene map for heuristic planning is intuitively appealing but relies on additional 3D sensors and hinders large-scale vision-language pre-training. To bridge this gap, we propose AwareVLN, a novel framework that equips the navigation model with a self-aware reasoning mechanism, enabling it to understand the agent's state and task progress in a fully end-to-end and data-driven manner. Our approach features two key innovations: (1) a structural reasoning module that fosters spatial and task-oriented self-awareness, and (2) an automatic data engine with progress division for effective training. Extensive experiments on various datasets in Habitat simulator show our AwareVLN significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art vision-language navigation methods. Project page: https://gwxuan.github.io/AwareVLN/.