Scaling LLM Knowledge Boundaries via Distribution-Optimized Synthesis
Songze Li, Yarong Lan, Zhongpu Bo, Zhaoyang Wang, Zhiqiang Liu, Yuan Yuan, Chengtao Gan, Menghao Qian, Enpei Niu, Xiaoke Guo, Yuanxiang Liu, Zhaoyan Gong, Xiangjin Hu, Liangyurui Liu, Jingdian Lu, Lei Liang, Jun Zhou, Huajun Chen, Wen Zhang
Abstract
Knowledge injection via synthetic data is crucial for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs). However, current synthesis methods simply stop at preset token counts or fixed data ratios, lacking awareness of knowledge distribution. This results in some domains being sparse while others are redundant, limiting LLM knowledge boundaries. We revisit knowledge injection from a distribution perspective and hypothesize that an optimal knowledge distribution exists to maximize knowledge boundary expansion. We propose KDoS (Knowledge Distribution-optimized Synthesis), a framework that introduces knowledge density to drive synthesis through a three-stage feedback mechanism, shifting from blind generation to distribution-optimized synthesis. We construct Wikipedia-based synthetic data with varying knowledge distributions and conduct experiments on models from 0.6B to 16B (Qwen, Ling, LLaMA) and data scales from 1B to 5B tokens. Our key findings are: (1) an optimal knowledge distribution consistently maximizes boundary expansion; (2) this distribution is stable across backbones and scales; (3) KDoS outperforms baselines across six knowledge benchmarks. Our work offers a new perspective and practical framework for synthetic data-driven knowledge injection.
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Classified with taxonomy v2 on Wed, 2 Sept 2026.