Vagdhenu: A Vrutta (Meter) Aware Shloka-to-Chant (TTS) System for Sanskrit
Prathosh A P
Abstract
We present Vagdhenu, a vrutta (meter) aware shloka-to-chant system for Sanskrit: a text-to-speech system that maps a metrical verse to its chanted parayana recitation at high fidelity. This is an experience report, not a new architecture. We take an off-the-shelf flow-matching TTS backbone and a large-scale neural vocoder, and add the components a faithful Sanskrit chant pipeline needs: a frontend that routes Sanskrit through Kannada orthography to avoid the Hindi-style schwa deletion that Devanagari triggers in Indic models; a frontend that obeys subtle Sanskrit phonology (visarga sandhi with its jihvamuliya and upadhmaniya allophones, the aspiration contrast of alpaprana and mahaprana, and the dental, retroflex, and palatal sibilants kept distinct); and a vrutta-aware mechanism that detects the meter and picks an exactly matched reference under a half-reference rule. We report a negative result that shaped the system: in a self-infilling flow-matching backbone, a text-side prosody conditioner is architecturally inert, because the model recovers pitch from the context mel and the embedding gets no gradient; the reference clip and a voice-steering retrain are the only working prosody levers. We also report a comparative lineage across four families (StyleTTS2, VITS2, Matcha-TTS, and the flow-matching backbone), where each earlier family hit a ceiling on conjuncts or prosody that a five-hour clone cleared at an expert MOS near 4.6. The system shipped two deployments: a 32-chapter, 5183-verse video corpus (about 17.5 hours) and an audio app covering about 18000 verses across 12 books. We release the frontend, inference and training code, weights, a single-speaker chant dataset, and an interactive demo.
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Classified with taxonomy v2 on Sat, 5 Sept 2026.