With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), modern systems not only possess strong foundational capabilities and extensive knowledge, but can also solve complex problems via long, multi-step reasoning. However, as reasoning traces become longer, LLMs may produce a substantial amount of hallucinated content during the reasoning process, which is often difficult to detect. In this work, we conduct a fine-grained analysis of hallucinations arising in LLM reasoning and find that the reasoning traces are particularly prone to Context-Sensitive Factual Hallucinations: cases where the model actually has the relevant knowledge, yet makes factual errors due to contextual interference during reasoning. To address this issue, we propose Step-level Self-Consistency Group Relative Policy Optimization (SSC-GRPO), which assigns step-level rewards to reasoning traces by computing self-consistency scores of individual steps across multiple rollouts. Compared with prior methods, SSC-GRPO achieves state-of-the-art performance on both mathematical reasoning benchmarks and hallucination leaderboards. Our results offer a new perspective for detecting and mitigating hallucinations in the reasoning process of large language models.
Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) improves reasoning even when the reward signal is spurious -- assigning credit to the group-plurality answer rather than a ground-truth verifier. Practitioners commonly interpret naive = acc(TRUE) - acc(RANDOM) as the reward-design effect. We prove this estimand is systematically biased: it conflates self-consistency elicitation (sharpening the policy toward its modal answer via majority pseudo-reward) with genuine reward-design signal. Using a controlled tabular-GRPO simulator we derive an exact telescoping decomposition total = null + elicit + rd and measure each term across five prior-strength levels. The reward-design fraction of the naive estimator ranges from 0.139 at weak prior (ps=0.20) to 0.05 at strong prior (ps=0.80), with the elicitation term flipping sign at the self-consistency crossover. A pre-registered 2x2x2 factorial confirms non-additivity (interaction ratio 0.385; AxC effect -0.089). A points-vs-bounds pilot gate shows strong-prior regimes are point-identified while near-crossover regimes are only bounded. Re-audits of two named published results yield ELICITATION DOMINATED (elicitation share 0.98) and REWARD DESIGN DOMINATED (rd share 1.18) verdicts respectively, demonstrating the diagnostic value of the partition. We pre-commit to submit regardless of flip outcome; a non-flip is a finding of equal standing. We release a reusable one-command harness for any alignment paper to run the same audit.