Does My Embedding Reflect That $A = B$? Evaluating Mathematical Equivalence in Embedding Models
Jiaying Ye, Samarth Rao, Leo Carlin, Kedar Chintalapati, Saharsh Bhargava, Rachit Jaiswal, Michael Zhou, Jared Darlington, Jiahe Lu, Jarod Alper, Vasily Ilin, Henry Kvinge
Abstract
Because mathematics is highly abstract, a single statement can take very different forms depending on what subfield it is framed in. There are many examples where breakthroughs occurred after researchers discovered that a question had already been answered in a different field. At the same time, the growth of new resources related to formalization has increased the need for tools that enable efficient and reliable navigation between mathematical 'languages' (e.g., from Lean to natural language). In this paper, we investigate whether current embedding models capture mathematical equivalence. To do this, we introduce the Mathematically Equivalent but Lexically Different Pairs (MELD) Dataset, a collection of mathematically equivalent statements that are expressed in very different language. We show that current state-of-the-art embedding models tend to group statements by the terminology used to make them instead of the underlying math. Motivated by this, we propose a contrastive approach to learning embeddings of mathematical text that focuses on aligning informal statements with different formalizations. Our experiments demonstrate that this leads to improvements not only on informal-formal retrieval tasks but also on MELD, which only contains natural language statements.
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Classified with taxonomy v2 on Sat, 5 Sept 2026.