Khondo: A Multimodal Benchmark for Document Packet Splitting of Bangla Forms
Abu Tyeb Azad, Fahim Ahmed, Ishita Sur Apan, Ezharuddin Jubaer, Sumaiya Karim Katha, Armun Alam, Amin Ahsan Ali, Aman Chadha, Md Mofijul Islam, AKM Mahbubur Rahman
Abstract
Document packets, multiple documents concatenated into a single file, are common in government and administrative workflows, yet splitting them into their constituent documents is difficult, especially for low-resource languages. We introduce Khondo (Bangla for split/segment), the first benchmark for document packet splitting on Bangladeshi government forms. Unlike prior English and OCR-text-based datasets, Khondo is bilingual (Bangla--English) and vision-native; where models operate directly on page images. It spans five concatenation schemes, from sequential to fully shuffled, across 14 administrative domains, with ground-truth boundaries, domain types, and page order. Zero-shot evaluation of MLLMs shows they cluster pages into their source documents fairly well but struggle in restoring the original page order once shuffled. To isolate what drives this difficulty, we run two controlled analyses, varying the prompt instruction and then the packet language. Both primarily affect ordering rather than clustering: (a) explicit page-order instructions are necessary but insufficient, and (b) English packets are ordered more reliably than Bangla, making page arrangement the dominant challenge and language a secondary but consistent factor. Khondo establishes page-order reconstruction as a key open problem in vision-based, low-resource document understanding, and provides a controlled benchmark for measuring progress toward solving it. Our dataset and code is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/Mausul/khondo
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Classified with taxonomy v2 on Sat, 5 Sept 2026.