One-Layer Transformer Provably Learns Multiclass One-Nearest Neighbor in Context
Skanda Athreya, Yutong Wang
cs.LG stat.ML
Abstract
We extend recent work establishing an equivalence between one-layer transformers and nearest-neighbor classifiers in the binary setting to the multiclass case. By leveraging the simplex encoding, we show that one-layer transformers with an argmax classification head behave identically to a one-nearest-neighbor classifier in the multiclass setting. This closes a gap left by prior work, whose multiclass result relied on a non-standard rounding-based approach rather than the typical argmax head used in practice.
Topics
Classified with taxonomy v2 on Wed, 2 Sept 2026.